HoloDEG
The Holostean Development|Evolution|Genomics
Information Network
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Holostean Genome Resources
Spotted Gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) genome
assembly version LepOcu1 - Braasch et al. 2006 Nature Genetics 48:427–437
assembly version LepOcu1 - Braasch et al. 2006 Nature Genetics 48:427–437
- NCBI Genome Accession: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCF_000242695.1
- Ensembl Genome Browser: https://ensembl.org/Lepisosteus_oculatus/
- UCSC Genome Browser: https://genome.ucsc.edu/h/GCF_000242695.1
Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus) genome
assembly version ASM2640114v1 - Mallik et al. 2023 G3 13:jkad095
assembly version ASM2640114v1 - Mallik et al. 2023 G3 13:jkad095
- NCBI Genome Accession: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_026401145.1/
Alligator Gar (Atractosteus spatula) genome
assembly version BGI_Aspa_1.0 - Bian et al. 2023 Cell 184:1377-1391.e14
assembly version BGI_Aspa_1.0 - Bian et al. 2023 Cell 184:1377-1391.e14
- NCBI Genome Accession: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_016984175.1/
Bowfin (Amia calva) genome
assembly version AmiCal1 - Thompson et al. 2021 Nature Genetics 53, pages 1373–1384
assembly version AmiCal1 - Thompson et al. 2021 Nature Genetics 53, pages 1373–1384
- NCBI Genome Accession: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_017591415.1
Holostean Key Literature
This bibliography is being constantly updated. If you need access to a publication or if you would like to see a publication added, please reach out to [email protected].
Holostean Biology
- Burr, B. M. and Bennett, M. G. (2014) Amiidae: Bowfins. in Freshwater Fishes of North America Vol. 1. Editors: Warren, M. L. and Burr, M. G.
- Echelle, A. A. and Grande, L. (2014) Lepisosteidae: Gars. in Freshwater Fishes of North America Vol. 1. Editors: Warren, M. L. and Burr, M. G.
- David, S. R. (2012) Life history, growth, and genetic diversity of the spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus from peripheral and core populations. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Michigan.
- Ferrara, A. (2001) Life-History Strategy of Lepisosteidae: Implications for the conservation and management of alligator gar. Ph.D. Thesis, Auburn University.
Holostean Development
- Agassiz, A. (1878). The Development of Lepidosteus. Part I. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 14, 65. doi: 10.2307/25138527.
- Balfour, F. M., and Parker, W. N. (1882) On the structure and development of Lepidosteus. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 173, 359–442. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1882.0008.
- Dean, B. (1895). The early development of Gar-pike and Sturgeon. J. Morphol. 11, 1–62. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1050110102.
- Ballard, W. W. (1986). Stages and rates of normal development in the holostean fish, Amia calva. J. Exp. Zool. 238, 337–354. doi: 10.1002/jez.1402380308.
- Ballard, W. W. (1986). Morphogenetic movements and a provisional fate map of development in the holostean fish Amia calva. J. Exp. Zool. 238, 355–372. doi: 10.1002/jez.1402380309.
- Comabella, Y., Canabal, J., Hurtado, A., and García-Galano, T. (2014). Embryonic Development of Cuban Gar (Atractosteus tristoechus) Under Laboratory Conditions. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 43, 495–502. doi: 10.1111/ahe.12101.
- Eycleshymer, A. C., and Wilson, J. M. (1906). The gastrulation and embryo formation in Amia calva. Am. J. Anat. 5, 133–162. doi: 10.1002/aja.1000050203.
- Jaroszewska, M., and Dabrowski. K. (2009). Early Ontogeny of Semionotiformes and Amiiformes (Neopterygii: Actinopterygii). in: Development of Non-teleost Fishes, 1st edition. Editors: Kunz, Y.W., Luer, C.A., and Kapoor, B.G.
- Long, W. L. and Ballard, W. W. (2001). Normal embryonic stages of the Longnose Gar, Lepisosteus osseus. BMC Dev Biol 1, 6. doi: 10.1186/1471-213X-1-6.
- Simon, T. P. and Tyberghein, E. J. (1991) Contributions to the early life history of the spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus Winchell, from Hatchet Creek, Alabama. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 52, 124-131.
- Whitman, C. O., and Eycleshymer, A. C. (1897). The egg of Amia and its cleavage. J. Morphol. 12, 309–354. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1050120202.
Holostean Morphology
- Desvignes, T., Carey, A., Braasch, I., Enright, T., and Postlethwait, J. H. (2018). Skeletal development in the heterocercal caudal fin of spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) and other lepisosteiformes. Developmental Dynamics 247, 724–740. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.24617.
- Grande, L., and Bemis, W. E. (1998). A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Study of Amiid Fishes (Amiidae) Based on Comparative Skeletal Anatomy. An Empirical Search for Interconnected Patterns of Natural History. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18, 1–696. doi: 10.1080/02724634.1998.10011114.
- Grande, L. (2010). An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related species, based mostly on skeletal anatomy. The resurrection of holostei. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication 6: i-x, 1-871; supplementary issue of Copeia 10(2A).
- Jarvik, E. (1980) Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates Vol. 1 - Structure of a Recent Fish: Amia calva.
- Pinion, A. K., Britz, R., Kubicek, K. M., Siegel, D. S., and Conway, K. W. (2023). The larval attachment organ of the bowfin Amia ocellicauda Richardson, 1836 (Amiiformes: Amiidae) and its phylogenetic significance. Journal of Fish Biology, jfb.15528. doi: 10.1111/jfb.15528.
- Pinion, A. K., Siegel, D. S., Britz, R., Martínez‐García, R., Álvarez‐González, C. A., and Conway, K. W. (2021). The larval attachment organ of the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus Gill, 1863 (Lepisosteiformes: Lepisosteidae). Journal of Fish Biology 99, 418–424. doi: 10.1111/jfb.14733.
Holostean Evolution
- Brownstein, C. D. et al. Hidden species diversity in an iconic living fossil vertebrate. Biol. Lett. 18, 20220395 (2022). [Bowfin]
- Brownstein, C., Yang, L., Friedman, M. & Near, T. J. Phylogenomics of the Ancient and Species-Depauperate Gars Tracks 150 Million Years of Continental Fragmentation in the Northern Hemisphere. Systematic Biology 72, 213–227 (2023).
- Wright, J. J., David, S. R. & Near, T. J. Gene trees, species trees, and morphology converge on a similar phylogeny of living gars (Actinopterygii: Holostei: Lepisosteidae), an ancient clade of ray-finned fishes. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution 63, 848–856 (2012).
- Wright, J. J., Bruce, S. A., Sinopoli, D. A., Palumbo, J. R. & Stewart, D. J. Phylogenomic analysis of the bowfin (Amia calva) reveals unrecognized species diversity in a living fossil lineage. Scientific Reports 12, 16514 (2022).
Holostean Paleontology
- to be added
Holostean Ecology & Conservation
- Palacios Mejia, M., Arias-Rodriguez, L., Arciniega, M., Rodríguez, V., Barraza Sandoval, J. E., Herrera, N., et al. (2023). Conservation genetics of the tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus, Lepisosteidae). Conservation Genetics 24, 405–415. doi: 10.1007/s10592-023-01509-2
Holostean Aquaculture & Reproduction
- Azuma, H. (2002) Spawning the Spotted Gar Lepisosteus oculatus. Tropical Fish Magazine Aug 2002, 108-112.
- Ferrara, A. M., and Irwin, E. R. (2001). A Standardized Procedure for Internal Sex Identification in Lepisosteidae. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21, 956–961. doi: 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0956:ASPFIS>2.0.CO;2.
- Méndez-Marin, O., Hernández Franyutti, A. A., Álvarez-González, C. A., Contreras-Sánchez, W. M., and Uribe Aranzábal, M. C. (2012). Histología del ciclo reproductor de hembras del pejelagarto Atractosteus tropicus (Lepisosteiformes: Lepisosteidae) en Tabasco, México. Revista de Biología Tropical 60. doi: 10.15517/rbt.v60i4.2186.
- Mendoza Alfaro, R., González, C. A., and Ferrara, A. M. (2008). Gar biology and culture: status and prospects. Aquaculture Research 39, 748–763. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01927.x.